概率问题
有个经典概率问题是这样的：三个门，其中一个后面是轿车，另外两个后面是山羊，你任选一个门，如果打开了后面是汽车，汽车就归你。你选了一个门后，主持人打开了另一个门，后面是山羊。这时他给你一个机会更改自己的选择，你要坚持自己一开始的选择还是更改自己的选择？这个问题很有名，比如电影21里面也提到过(btw, 这个电影很一般，没看过的就不用浪费时间了)。
答案是更改选择。因为不改的话你选对的概率是1/3，而改了你选对的概率变成2/3。
昨天杨爷不知道为啥又把这个问题翻出来了，然后跟我们讨论为啥不是1/2。我概率学的不够好，没找到足够让人信服的理由反驳他的1/2。不过我C语言学的比较好，而且正好今天休假比较闲，于是中午写了个程序模拟了一下。。。这个是跑很多次的结果：
fishy@Makelele:~/work/test$ ./test 100000
CHANGE
*** right on 66706 out of 100000, 66.71% ***
NO CHANGE
*** right on 33331 out of 100000, 33.33% ***
fishy@Makelele:~/work/test$ ./test 1000000
CHANGE
*** right on 667107 out of 1000000, 66.71% ***
NO CHANGE
*** right on 332750 out of 1000000, 33.28% ***
fishy@Makelele:~/work/test$ ./test 10000000
CHANGE
*** right on 6666707 out of 10000000, 66.67% ***
NO CHANGE
*** right on 3334351 out of 10000000, 33.34% ***
这个是只跑了20次但是给出具体内容的结果：
fishy@Makelele:~/work/test$ ./test 20 a
CHANGE
guess 1, show 0, changed to 2, result is 2
guess 0, show 1, changed to 2, result is 2
guess 1, show 2, changed to 0, result is 0
guess 0, show 1, changed to 2, result is 2
guess 0, show 2, changed to 1, result is 0
guess 1, show 2, changed to 0, result is 0
guess 2, show 0, changed to 1, result is 1
guess 0, show 1, changed to 2, result is 0
guess 2, show 0, changed to 1, result is 2
guess 0, show 2, changed to 1, result is 1
guess 0, show 2, changed to 1, result is 1
guess 0, show 2, changed to 1, result is 0
guess 0, show 2, changed to 1, result is 0
guess 1, show 0, changed to 2, result is 2
guess 0, show 2, changed to 1, result is 1
guess 0, show 1, changed to 2, result is 2
guess 2, show 1, changed to 0, result is 0
guess 2, show 1, changed to 0, result is 0
guess 1, show 0, changed to 2, result is 2
guess 0, show 2, changed to 1, result is 1
*** right on 15 out of 20, 75.00% ***
NO CHANGE
guess 2, show 1, changed to 2, result is 0
guess 1, show 2, changed to 1, result is 0
guess 1, show 0, changed to 1, result is 1
guess 1, show 2, changed to 1, result is 0
guess 0, show 2, changed to 0, result is 1
guess 2, show 0, changed to 2, result is 1
guess 1, show 0, changed to 1, result is 1
guess 0, show 2, changed to 0, result is 0
guess 1, show 2, changed to 1, result is 1
guess 0, show 1, changed to 0, result is 2
guess 1, show 2, changed to 1, result is 0
guess 0, show 1, changed to 0, result is 0
guess 1, show 2, changed to 1, result is 0
guess 0, show 1, changed to 0, result is 2
guess 0, show 1, changed to 0, result is 2
guess 1, show 0, changed to 1, result is 2
guess 0, show 1, changed to 0, result is 0
guess 1, show 0, changed to 1, result is 1
guess 0, show 2, changed to 0, result is 1
guess 0, show 2, changed to 0, result is 1
*** right on 7 out of 20, 35.00% ***
所以很显然了，换了猜对的概率是2/3，不换是1/3。
下面是程序
1 #include <stdio.h>
2 #include <time.h>
3 #include <stdlib.h>
4
5 typedef int changefunc(int, int);
6
7 int change(int guess, int show) {
8 return 0+1+2 - guess - show;
9 }
10
11 int nochange(int guess, int show) {
12 return guess;
13 }
14
15 void loop(int times, changefunc func, int print) {
16 int i, n;
17 n = 0;
18 for(i=0;i<times;i++) {
19 int target = rand() % 3;
20 int guess = rand() % 3;
21 int show, finalguess;
22 if(guess != target)
23 show = 0+1+2 - target - guess;
24 else {
25 show = guess + rand() % 2 + 1;
26 if(show >= 3) show -= 3;
27 }
28 finalguess = func(guess, show);
29 if(print)
30 printf("guess %d, show %d, changed to %d, result is %d\n", guess, show, finalguess, target);
31 if(target == finalguess) n++;
32 }
33 printf(" *** right on %d out of %d, %.2f%% ***\n", n, times, ((double)n)/times*100);
34 }
35
36 int main(int argc, char **argv) {
37 if(argc <= 1)
38 return -1;
39 int times = atoi(argv[1]);
40 int print = (argc >= 3);
41 srand(time(0));
42 // change
43 printf("CHANGE\n");
44 loop(times, change, print);
45 // no change
46 printf("NO CHANGE\n");
47 loop(times, nochange, print);
48 return 0;
49 }
要是能天天都休假还有工资拿就好了。。。
